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    The Blanc chloromethylation or the Blanc reaction is a chemical reaction of aromatic rings with formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride catalyzed by zinc chloride or other Lewis acid  to form chloromethyl arenes.  

  The reaction was discovered by Gustave Louis Blanc (1872-1927) in 1923. 
  The reaction is performed with care as, like most chloromethylation reactions, it produces highly carcinogenic bis(chloromethyl) ether  as a side product.

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Birch reduction for Alkene and alkyne, aromatic rings with electron withdrawing group as well as electron donating group

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Birch reduction for alpha, beta unsaturated ketone for CSIR NET GATE BARC IIT-JAM CheMistry

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      The Birch reduction reaction was reported in 1944 by the Australian chemist Arthur Birch working in the Dyson Perrins Laboratory at the University of Oxford, building on earlier work by Wooster and Godfrey published in 1937.

   

 

  This reaction converts Aromatic compounds having a benzenoid ringinto a product, 1,4-cyclohexadienes, in which two hydrogen atoms have been attached on the opposite ends of the molecule. It is the Organic reduction of aromatic rings in presence of liquid ammonia with sodium, lithium or potassium and an alcohol, such as ethanol and tert-butanol.
   
EWG:- the electron withdrawing groups promote the ipso and para reduction. These groups activate the rings towards Birch Reduction. ( EWG= -COOH, -CONH2, aryl group, etc. )

EDW:- the electron donating groups promote Ortho and meta reduction. They deactivate the rings for overall reduction compare to the EWG. ( EDG= -R, -OR, -NR₂, -SR, PR₂, -CH₂OH, -CHO, -C(O)R, CO₂R etc. ) 

Birch Reduction of an α,β- unsaturated ketone in NH3 stops at the saturated ketone stage. In the presence of an added proton(H+) source. And the saturated alcohol is obtained. The formation of dimerization products of the intermediate radical anion can be prevented by more acidic proton (H+) sources.

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     The Bischler–Napieralski reaction is an intramolecular electrophilic aromatic Substitution  reaction that allows for the cyclization  of β-arylethylamides or β-arylethylcarbamates.
      It was first discovered in 1893 by August Bischler  and Bernard Napieralski. 
    
    The Bischler Napieralski reaction is one of the traditional methods for Isoquinoline synthesis. And it has been applied to the preparation of fused quinolizidine systems.
   From:- Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry III, 2008 

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At a glance:- The Pictet Spengler Reaction is a Chemical reaction where a beta-arylethylamine that can undergo condensation reaction with an aldehyde or ketone followed by ring closure.

The reaction was first discovered by Am Pictet and Theodor Spengler in 1911.

Mechanism :- This reaction mechanism occurs by initial formation of an iminium ion followed by an electrophilic addition at the 3- position. in which the nucleophilicity of indole is increased. And it gives a spirocycle. After the formation of spirocycle the migration of the higher migratory aptitude group that can migrates, and after deprotonation takes place to give final product.

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     At a glance:- The Barton reaction is an organic photochemical reaction that involves the photolysis of an alkyl nitrite to form a nitroso alcohol. 

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     Discover:- in 1960, this reaction is named for its discoverer, Nobel Laureate Sir Derek Barton.
     Photolysis:- it is a Chemical reaction in which a  Chemical compound that is broken down by photons. It is defined as the interaction of photons with the target molecules.
   
The Barton reaction involves a homolytic RO--NO bond cleavage by the abstraction of delta- Hydrogen and combination of two free radical, finally tautomerization can takes place to form an oxime species