Reaction of sugar with sulfuric acid

  Reaction of Sugar with Concentrated Sulphuric Acid :- 

At a glance:-

When concentrated sulphuric acid reacts with sugar it acts as a dehydrating agent; removing water from the sugar. 

During Experiment

 C12H22O11 (sugar) + H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) → 12 C (carbon) + 11 H2O (water) + mixture of water and acid.

 It is an extremely exothermic reaction process . And it produce  high amount of heat. 

Which elements are produced when sulfuric acid is added to sugar?

       When Concentrated sulfuric acid is mixed with household sugar, which is attacked by the acid. The final products are carbon, water vapor, and sulfur dioxide gas. 

What do you observe when concentrated Sulphuric acid is added to sugar? 

  

 Concentrated sulphuric acid is a strong dehydrating agent and it pulls the sugar molecules apart leaving just black carbon which froths due to the heat and water produced. 

What happens when sugar is burned? 
     Sugar is made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. When heated over a candle, these elements react with the fire to turn into a liquid. The heat causes the sugar's atoms to combine with the oxygen in the air, forming new groups of atoms. Energy is released in this chemical reaction in the form of smoke and black soot.

What happens when carbon reacts with Sulphuric acid? 
  Actually  sulfuric acid should be a Concentrated and heated solution, for this reason  Carbon reacts with sulfuric acid to produce carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide gas along with water.

A brief history of human disease genetics

A brief history of human disease genetics 

Melina Claussnitzer, Judy H. Cho, Mark I. McCarthy ; 

  published 8 January, 2020
  Nature Article : Source 


Introduction :-

A primary goal of human genetics is to identify the DNA sequence variants that is influence the biomedical traits, particularly those related to the onset and progression of human disease.

Over the past 25 years, the progress in realizing this objective has been transformed by advances in the field of technology, foundational genomic resources and analytical tools, and by access to vast amounts of genotype and phenotype data. And the Genetic discoveries have been substantially improved our understanding of the mechanisms that are responsible for so many rare and common diseases and driven development of novel preventative and therapeutic strategies. And the Medical innovation will be increasingly focus on delivering care tailored to individual patterns of the genetic predisposition.

    Human Diseases by Genetic Variation:- 

For almost all the human diseases, individual susceptibility is, to some degree, influenced by the genetic variation. However, Consequently, the characterizing of the relations between the sequence of  variation and disease predisposition which are provides a powerful tool for the identifying processes of fundamental to disease pathogenesis and highlighting novel strategies for the prevention and treatment.

Rare Diseases & rare Variants:- 

Actually the Rare diseases, rare variants During the 1980s and 1990s, the efforts to map disease genes were focused on rare, monogenic and syndromic diseases and were mostly driven by the linkage analysis and fine mapping within the large number of multiplex pedigrees.

     Common Disease & Common Variants:-

The Efforts to apply the approach to the linkage analysis in multiplex pedigrees that had been  successful for the high-penetrance variants which are responsible for The Mendelian disease. A largely unsuccessful for common, later-onset traits with more complex multifactorial aetiologies, like asthma, diabetes and depression.


Source:- nature.com 
For full Text read:- Click here 

Download Admit Card for Joint CSIR UGC NET Dec 2019

Download Admit Card for Joint CSIR UGC NET Dec 2019. 
Computer Based Test (CBT) Mode.

Download Admit Card:- 👉Click here

Date of Exam:  15/12/2019 (Sunday)
Reporting at centre:  1:00 PM
Gate closing time of centre:  2:00 PM
Exam time:  2:30 PM - 5:30 PM

✓ Supporting documents:-
       1) Admit Card
       2) passport size photo (same as uploaded)
       3) ID proof (PAN/Voter/ Aadhar etc.)
       4) PwD certificate (for PwD category)

 ✓  [ Note:  pen/pencil & black pepper for rough work will be provided & must return it before leaving the exam Hall. ]

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The Discovery of the Antarctic Ozone Hole

 Challenges for the recovery of the ozone layer :- 
    Xuekun Fang, John A. Pyle, Ronald G. Prinn, 
      Nature Geoscience, 29 July, 2019

Source:- Nature.com 
Full text read :- Click here 
Full Text read :- Susan Solomon, Atmospheric Science, Nature

The Recovery of Stratospheric ozone layer:-  The recovery of the Stratosphere Ozone layer from past depletion is underway owing to the 1987 Montreal protocol and it's subsequent amendments,

The Antarctic Ozone Hole

which have been effective in phasing out the production and consumption of the major ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). However, there are uncertainty about the future rate of recovery. This uncertainty relates partly to unexpected emissions of controlled anthropogenic ODSs, such as CCl3F and slower than expected declines in atmospheric CCl4.  

An Arctic Ozone Hole:-  
     A combination of the extreme cold temperature, man-made Chemical and a stagnant atmosphere were behind, which are became known as the Arctic Ozone Hole of 2011, a new NASA study finds. Still in 2011, ozone concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere were about 20% lower than it's late winter average.


      Is there an ozone hole over the Arctic? 
    => Ozone hole over the Arctic. However, these reduction are much more smaller than those observed currently each spring over the Antarctic, the ozone hole. The difference between ozone content in the two polar regions is caused by dissimilar weather patterns.

     The ozone hole reached its peak extent of 6.3 million square miles (or, 16.4 million square km) on September 8, 2019. The abnormal weather patterns in the upper atmosphere over Antarctica dramatically limited ozone depletion this year.

What is the ozone hole ? And Where is the ozone hole ?
    The ozone hole is not technically a hole where no ozone is present. But actually a region of exceptionally depleted ozone in the Stratosphere over the Antarctic that happens at the beginning of Southern Hemisphere spring.

What causes ozone hole ? 
    The ozone depletion occurs when chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons gases formerly found in aerosol spray cans and refrigerants. They all are released into the atmosphere. CFCs and halons cause Chemical reaction that break down ozone molecule, reducing ozone's UV radiation absorbing capacity.

   Whats happen if the ozone layers were completely destroyed ?
    The consequences of the ozone layer depletion. Since the Ozone layer absorbs UV- visible ultraviolet light from the sun. And the ozone layer depletion increases surface UV- visible levels, which could lead to damage, including increase in skin cancer. This was the reason for the Montreal Protocol.
   

2019 Nobel prize in Chemistry for the development of lithium ion battery

2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry:- 


Nobel prize in Chemistry for the development of Lithium-ion Batteries :-

These three scientist have been awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry in the 2019 for the development of Lithium-ion Batteries.
      John B Goodenough, M Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino share the prize for their work on these rechargeable devices, which are used for portable electronics.

John Goodenough // After Awarded Nobel prize :- 👇👇👇

     
YouTube Tutorial video:- 👉 Click here

But what makes these batteries are so special ? 
And How do they work ?

The Lithium-ion battery is a light-weight, rechargeable and powerful battery that is used in everywhere from mobile phones to laptops to electric cars.
    The Nobel Committee said that " Lithium-ion Batteries are used globally to power the portable electronics that we use to communicate, work, study, listen to music and search for knowledge"

    The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on Wednesday awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize in the field of Chemistry to three scientists who developed the Lithium-ion Batteries, which have revolutionized portable electronics and are very likely powering a device you're using now to read this article.

Further more information 👉Click here